Periodontal disease is one of the most common health problems in dogs and cats and involves inflammation and infection of the tissues that support the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and the bone surrounding the tooth. It develops when plaque and tartar accumulate beneath the gumline, allowing bacteria to damage these structures. Studies show that more than 70–80% of dogs and cats have some degree of periodontal disease by the age of three, making early prevention especially important. Untreated periodontal disease can lead not only to pain, tooth loss, and oral infections but may also contribute to systemic health problems by allowing bacteria to enter the bloodstream, potentially affecting the heart, liver, and kidneys. Common clinical signs include bad breath, red or swollen gums, drooling, dropping food, pawing at the mouth, loose teeth, or a reluctance to eat hard food. Because the condition progresses quietly—often without obvious symptoms until it is advanced—regular dental care and early treatment are essential to protect both oral and overall health in pets.
Treatment options for periodontal disease in pets vary based on the extent of the condition. In most cases, the primary approach to managing periodontal issues is a professional dental cleaning, often referred to as a dental prophylaxis or “prophy.” A prophylaxis involves scaling, cleaning, and polishing the teeth to reduce the buildup that leads to gum inflammation. This type of cleaning is typically recommended during the early stages of periodontal disease. The goal of prophy treatment is to limit plaque accumulation, which can otherwise progress beneath the gumline, cause infection, and eventually lead to advanced periodontal problems or tooth loss if not addressed.
For pets with more significant periodontal damage, additional procedures may be recommended, such as:
• Root planing and subgingival curettage: Root planing removes hardened deposits and compromised root surfaces, while curettage eliminates diseased tissue beneath the gumline.
• Gingivectomy: This involves trimming away overgrown or excess gum tissue, which often creates pockets that trap bacteria.
• Periodontal surgery: These procedures typically require lifting the gum tissue to access deeper structures for thorough cleaning and treatment.
• Tooth extraction: When a tooth is too damaged to preserve—or when owners decline more advanced treatment—extraction may be the only appropriate option.